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Chicago/Turabian Style
About the Chicago Manual
The Chicago Manual of Style began in the 1890s
as a one-page guide for typographic standards. The University of Chicago
defined and quickly became the de facto standard for English language
usage in the United States. The standard was originally intended for
proofreaders, and eventually gained great influence in the writing
world.
The Chicago Manual of Style was first published in book form in 1906.
It has now become a writing reference for novelists, authors, newspaper reporters, editors, and indexers.
It is now in its fifteenth edition, and has been updated to include
technological terms, online and electronic information resources, and
specifications for citing information in all kinds of documents.
About Kate Turabian
Kate Turabian was born in 1893, and worked as a dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago. She later authored the Student's Guide for Writing College Papers, which made a name for her in higher education.
She successfully provided a resource for students by outlining the principles of
good writing.
The Turabian manual conforms to the style guidelines
of the Chicago Manual of Style, and is now somewhat synonymous with
"Chicago style" with respect to students. We generally use
"Chicago/Turabian style" when discussing this standard.
About Chicago/Turabian Style
Chicago/Turabian Style is the style of choice for
professional technical writers, journalists, and writers in the
humanities. Many universities and other institutions requires that
students prepare term papers, theses, and dissertations in
Chicago/Turabian style.
The most significant change in the latest (15th)
edition of the Chicago Manual of Style was the expansion of details regarding how to specify
reference entries for online and electronic sources. These changes are
also reflected in the latest (6th) edition of the Turabian Manual for
Writers.
Chicago/Turabian Style specifies details about many different
aspects of document preparation, including:
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Editorial style, which specifies details of
punctuation, abbreviations, and language usage. |
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How reference entries for
many different sources are cited, both in the body of the document
and in the References section. |
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The appearance of
documents, including page margins, paragraph spacing, font usage,
figure and table inclusion, and related details. |
One complexity of student
papers in Chicago/Turabian style is that the style specifies three
different forms of in-text reference source citations:
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Parenthetical citations,
which are also used in APA and MLA styles, cite a reference by
including the author name and other information (such as the
publication date) within parentheses in the body of the document.
The full bibliographic information is included in the Works Cited
section at the end of the document. |
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Footnoted citations place
a superscripted footnote number in the body of the document and
include footnoted bibliographic information for the source at the
bottom of the page. The full bibliography information is repeated,
in slightly different format, in the Works Cited section at the end
of the document. |
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Endnoted citations place
a superscripted endnote number in the body of the document, and
include bibliographic endnotes in the Notes section at the end of
the document. The full bibliographic information is repeated, in
slightly different format, in the Works Cited section near the end
of the document. |
Most Chicago/Turabian style
bibliography entries tend to include more information and be more
exacting than their equivalent entries in other styles.
For more information about
writing documents in Chicago/Turabian
Style, see our Chicago/Turabian Style Details page.
About Software Products for
Chicago/Turabian Style
Many students and professionals now use software to
help them prepare documents in Chicago/Turabian Style. Although a number
of programs are available for creating documents in Chicago style, we have
found only one full document program, StyleEase for Chicago/Turabian Style, that handles all of the
citation variations of this style.
You can also use one of the Bibliographic Database
programs described here to create
bibliography entries in Chicago/Turabian style.
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